复习资料(4.8)
10、Grammatical relations 语法关系
The structural and logical function relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In English and many other languages, the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. Strictly speaking, this statement is true only in terms of the structural subject(结构主语) and the structural object(结构宾语). The logical subject (逻辑主语)and the logical object(逻辑宾语) may have different positions.
语法关系是指句子中名词词组和动词的关系,其中涉及到主语和宾语的结构性和逻辑性。从结构上看,英语句子中的主语往往出现在动词之前,宾语往往出现在动词止回。这种置动词之前的主语叫结构主语,置动词之后的宾语叫结构宾语。结构主语和结构宾语只是句子的形式主语和形式宾语,而意义上的主语和宾语才是句子的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语。逻辑主语是实施者,而逻辑宾语是受事者。逻辑主语和逻辑宾语在句子中的位置可以同形式主语和形式宾语在句子中的位置相同,也可以不同。如英语被动句中的形式主语是逻辑宾语,而形式宾语是逻辑主语。